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Time slice from 23 to 25ns. This last piece is now nearly all blank, but a few of the walls are still revealing highly.

How deep are these pieces? The software I have access to makes approximating the depth a little difficult. If, however, the top three slices represent the ploughsoil, which is most likely about 30cm think, I would think that each piece has to do with 10cm and we are just getting down about 80cm in overall.

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Luckily for us, most of the sites we have an interest in lie just below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other approaches? Contrast of the Earth Resistance information (top left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time piece (leading right) and the 1921ns time slice (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as talked about above, is a passive strategy measuring regional variations in magnetism versus a localised absolutely no value. Magnetic vulnerability study is an active technique: it is a measure of how magnetic a sample of sediment might be in the existence of an electromagnetic field. How much soil is tested depends upon the diameter of the test coil: it can be extremely little or it can be fairly big.

The sensing unit in this case is really small and samples a small sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic vulnerability meter with a big "field coil" in usage at Verulamium throughout the course in 2013. Leading soil will be magnetically improved compared to subsoils simply due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By determining magnetic vulnerability at a reasonably coarse scale, we can spot areas of human occupation and middens. We do not have access to a trustworthy mag sus meter, however Jarrod Burks (who assisted teach at the course in 2013) has some outstanding examples. Among which is the Wildcat website in Ohio.

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These villages are typically set out around a main open area or plaza, such as this rebuilt example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Village, Dayton, Ohio (photo: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat website, the magnetometer survey had located a range of functions and houses. The magnetic vulnerability survey helped, however, specify the main location of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic vulnerability study results from the Wildcat website, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The method is therefore of great use in specifying locations of basic occupation rather than identifying particular features.

Geophysical surveying is a used branch of geophysics, which utilizes seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic physical methods at the Earth's surface to measure the physical homes of the subsurface - Geophysical Exploration in South Perth Australia 2023. Geophysical surveying techniques usually determine these geophysical homes together with anomalies in order to evaluate numerous subsurface conditions such as the existence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, spaces and cavities, and far more.